Zamirler, nesnelerin ve kavramların gerçek adları yerine geçici olarak kullanılan kelimelerdir. Zamirlerin anlamları yoktur. Bir zamir tek başına hiçbir nesneyi karşılamaz, zihinde hiçbir nesne canlandırmaz, hiçbir kavram düşündürmez.
Bu nedenle, zamirlere isimlerin yerini tutan kelimelerdir diyebiliriz.
Zamirlerin çeşitleri vardır. Örneğin: şahıs zamirleri, işaret zamirleri, dönüşlülük zamirleri, soru zamirleri, belirsizlik zamirleri ve bağlama zamirleri gibi.
A- Personal Pronouns (Şahis Zamirleri)
Yalın halde kullanılan “I,YOU,HE,SHE,IT,ONE,WE,YOU,THEY” cümlelerin özneleri olup
“ME,YOU,HIM,HER,IT,ONE,US,YOU,THEM” nesneleridir. Örneğin ;
-Ahmet saw me the other day.(= O beni birkaç gün önce gördü.)
=He
Özne +fiil+nesne
The books belong to me/you/him/her/it/us/them (Kitaplar bana/sana(size)/ona/onlara aittir.
=They
(onlar bana/sana(size)/ona/bize/onlara aittirler.
Konuşma ingilizce’sinde; That’s her
(hım,us,ete)."ıt is only me" kullanımı doğru oldugu
halde,standart Yazı İngilizcesinde:
“ıt is he ( I,you,she,we,ete.)who did it” kullanımı varır.
(= onu yapan odur)
1.She (her),gemi,uçak, motorlu vasıta, memleket ve hatta sehirler için sevgi ifadesinde kullanılır.
-That is the Love Boat. She is a beatiful ship
-Turkey is our country. We love her very much.
2.“It”, normalde cansız nesneler ve hayvanlar için kullanıldığı halde bebekler için de kullanılır.
3.“It” in diğer kullanımları:
a)Bilinmeyen bir şahıs ya da şeyden bahsedildiğinde
-Someone is moving stealthily about the house. It must be a burglar.
b)Hava durumlarını ilgilendiren fiillerle:
It is raining /snowing/freezing. It is very warm / cold /wet.
c)Zaman ne ölçü ifadelerinde:
It is half past two. . It is fifteen miles to our village.
d)Cümlede takip eden “mastar” veya “yan cümleye referans
vermek üzere “özne” ya da nesne olarak:
-It is easy enough to talk.
-İt was clear that he didn’t want to come.
-I take it for granted that she will stay with us.
-I find it difficult to solve this puzzle.
e)“It is/was…” ile başlayan cümlelerde “ gerçek
özne” ve “sıfat cümle”sinden önce:
-It was our training that we had that made us good teachers.
f)Gerçek özneyi vurgulamak için:
-It was my father, not my mother, who wanted me become an engineer.
g)Tüm cümleye referans vermek için:
-She has saved my life. I will never forget it.
h)“Say,thınk,hope,believe,suppose,expect,hear,tell,imagine,fear,beafraid
gibi fiillerden sonra “SO”,”IT” yerine
kullanılabilir.
Will you pass your exam?
I thınk/hope/believe/suppose/expect so
Bu yapıların olumsuz şekilleri, iki şekilde ifade edilebilir:
1.I thınk/believe/suppose/expect so.
2.I don’t thınk/believe/suppose/expect so
NOT: İkinci kullanım,"hear,hope ve am afraid" ile kullanılamaz.
- “So” bir sıfat veya isimle birlikte “to be, to seem, to make” fiilleri ile kullanılır.
- There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.
- She has been a teacher there for more than fifteen years and I hope she will be so (= a teacher ) for many years.
4.“One”, bir sayı olup tüm sayılar gibi “zamir” olarak kullanılabilir.
- There is only one student there, not two
One of your brothers came to see me today.
Take one these chocolates.(singular)
Take some of these chocolates.(plural)
5.”One” in diğer kullanımları:
a) Özne ya da nesne olarak kullanılan “ONE” in “ONES” ve "ONE SELF" şekilleri vardır:
• One can only do one’s best.
• I don’t thınk one should overwork oneself.
“When one is given one’s choice of courses of action any of which would be to one’s disadvantage, one often has a difficulty in deciding what one ought to do” cümlesini aşağıdaki gibi ifade etmek
çok daha iyidir.
“When someone is/you are given his/your choice of courses of action any of which would be to his/your
disadvantage, he/you often has/have diffuculty in deciding what he/you ought to do”
b) Herhangi bir kimse anlamında:
- You are the first one who has ever explained it to us clearly.
- She is not one to be easily deceived.
c) “ Other! veya “another” ile zıtlık oluşturulduğunda, sayı anlamının bir diğer şeyle kullanımında:
- There were two choices open to us. We had to take either the one or the other
- These two twins are so much alike that we can’t tell the one from the other.
d) Önceden bahsedilmiş sayılabilen isim ya da isimlerin yerine “ONE” ve ONES” kullanımı:
- Mr Brown’s old car is a good one. It is even better than our new one .
- I like strong cup of tea beter than a weak one.
- I prefer red roses to whıte ones.
-There was mother bird in the nest and there were four young ones.
-Which girl is Mary Robinson?
-The one in the pink dress.
-Which biscuits do you like best?
-The ones with chocolate on them
Not: “ One” ,”own” ile kullanılamaz.
- I can’t write properly with your pen. I’d rather use my own.
e) “One” nın “idiomatıc” kullanımı:
- She is a teacher that is liked by one and all(=everybody).
- She can go or she can stay. It’s all one to me.
B - Possesive Pronouns( Mülkiyet Zamirleri)
“possessive adjectives” yani mülkiyet sıfatlar:
“ MY, YOUR,HIS,HER,ITS,OUR,YOUR,THEIR” isimlerden ve “ONE” dan
önce kullanılabili.oysa “ Possessive Pronoun”lar yani “mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs” tek başlarına kullanılır.
a)That is my book. That book mine.(= Şu benim kitabımdır Şu kitap benimkidir.)
- That is your car. That car is yours.
- That is his pencil. That pencil is his.
- That is her purse. That purse is hers
- That is its tail. That tail is its.
- Those are our cats. Those cats are yours.
- Those are their dogs. Those dogs are theirs.
- Our’s is the only garden that has trees in it
- Their house is older than yours( onların evi sizinkinden daha eskidir.)
- He took the bone from his dog and gave it to hers.
- The cherry tree gives it s share of color to the garden and the
Lilac tree gives its.
b)He is a friend of mine. ( one of my friends)
- This is a car of theirs. ( one of their cars)
- It was no fault of yours that we mistook the way.
- I gave him some plants of ours (= some of our plants)in exchange for some of his( some of his plants).
c) Note:A portait of Rembrandt ( one portraying him)
-A criticism of shaw (=opinion about shaw)
-A criticism of shaw’s ( =opinions by shaw)
C- Demonstrative Pronouns(=işaret Zamirleri)
“This,that,these,those,”isimlerle birlikte kullanıldığında “belirtme sıfat”ları oldukları halde,isim olmaksızın kullanıldığında “işaret zamirleri”dir.
a)I’d like to by this car, not that car. (sıfat)
This is what I want you to do. (zamir)
That is exactly what I did.
I believe you, but there are those who don’t.
My seat was next to that of the Mayor.
Compare Chopin’s waltzes with those of today.
That is what I thought last year; this is what I thınk now.
b) “The former” ve "The latter" da aynı zamanda işaret zamiri olarak kullanılır:
-The orchestra played two Beethoven Symphonies, the Third and the
Fifth;
- The former was played magnificiently, the latter was not so well done.
c) “Such”, “I have had such a busy day” cümlesinde “belirtme sıfatı” olduğu halde, “His carelessness is such as to make it unlikely that he will pass the exam.” Cümlesinde “işaret zamiri” dir.
d)They export a lot of fruıt, such as(=for example) oranges, lemons ete.
e) He gave me his help such as it was
=but it wasn’t of much use
My services, such as they are, entirely at your disposal.
D- Reflexive and Emhasizing Pronouns (Dönüşlü ve vurgulayıcı zamirler)
“Myself, yourself, himself,herself,ıtself,oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves” zamirleri
a) Öznenin yaptığı eylemi tekrar o özneye döndürürler yani özne ile nesne aynı kişilerdir.
- I shave myself every morning.
- You are teaching yourself English.
- They helped themselves to the cakes
- She saw herself in the mirror.(kendini aynada gördü)
- One should try to see onself a others see one
- It is pity we can’t see ourselves as others see us.
- Make yourself at home.
- There was so much noise that I could hardly hear myself think.
- I told myself there was nothing to be afraid of.
1) “Preposition” lardan sonra kullanılır.
She looked at herself in the looking glass
My darling loves me for myself, not for my money
I want a little time to myself
She is proud of herself.
Fakat zamirle ifade edilen şahsın kimliği hakkında hiçbir şüphe yoksa."Preposition" dan sonra şahıs zamirlerinin “objective” halleri kullanılır.
He took the food for the day with him.
She shut the door behirid her.
We have the whole day before us.
2 ) Dönüşlü olarak kullanılan fiilerle:
I pride myself on always having a tidy garden.
I hope the childiren will behave themselves.
We hope you’ll enjoy yourself at the party.
He applied himself to the task of organizing the finances of the firm.
Vurgulayıcı “SELF” zamirlerinin fonksiyonu tamamen farklı olup cümleden çıkarıldıklarında, o cümlenin anlamı bozulmaz ve genellikle cümlelerin sonunda kullanılır.
You yourself ( You and not anyone else) told me the story
(Bizzat kendin bana hikayeyi anlattın.)
I saw hım do it myself.
He went into the village itself.
Never leave to others what you should do yourself.
Bu zamirlerin bazen “alone/on one’s own/without any help” anlamları vardır. Bu durumda “by” ile kullanılır.
This is a machine that works by itself(=alone/on its own/ without help)
(= Bu kendi başına çalışan bir makinedır)
The little boy travelled from Ankara to New York by himself
We can’t do all the work ourselves(=withoult help)in a such a big house.
I tried to move the piano into the other room myself, but couldn’t manage it.
E- İnterrogative Pronouns (= soru zamirleri)
Bu zamirler “WHO, WHOM,WHOSE,WHICH,WHAT” olup, her zaman fiillerden önce soru oluşturmada kullanılır.
Who/ What broke the dishes?
Which do you prefer, coffee or tea
Whose are these gloves?
Who(m) did they ofter the scholarship to?
(=To whom did they ofter the scholarship?)
Who /what is that man talking to the journalist?
What is he like to look at as a person?
a) “ What” daha fazla şeylerden “which” ise sınırlı sayıda olanlardan seçim yapıldığında kullanılır.
What are you talking in your examination?
I’m talking English,French and German
Which of them is your best subject?
English.
1. who would like to go out with me?
2. which of you would like to go out with me?
Birinci cümlede konuşmacı dışarı cıkmak isteyen herkesi, ikinci cümlede ise belli sayıda kişiyi dişarı çıkarmak ister.
b) Hayret,kızgınlık ve öfke ifadeleri:“WHAT,WHO,WHİCH+EVER” ile yapılır.
Whoever can be calling at this time of night?
(=on earth/in the world)
(= Hay Allah kahretsin! Gecenin bu vaktinde kim arıyor olabilir?
What ever were you thinking of to suggest such a plan?
Who ever heard of such a stilly idea?
He gets up at five o’clock every morning.
What ever for?
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